Protesters in Iran defied a deadly government crackdown on Saturday night, taking to the streets despite reports suggesting hundreds of people have been killed or wounded by security forces in the past three days.

Verified videos and eyewitness accounts seen by the BBC appeared to show the government was ramping up its response, as it continues an overarching internet blackout.

The country’s attorney general, Mohammad Movahedi Azad, said on Saturday that anyone protesting would be considered an “enemy of God” – an offence that carries the death penalty.

Hundreds of protesters are believed to have arrested since demonstrations began more than two weeks ago.

The protests were sparked by soaring inflation, and have spread to more than 100 cities and towns across every province in Iran. Now protesters are calling for an end to the clerical rulership of Iran’s Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei.

Khamenei has dismissed demonstrators as a “bunch of vandals” seeking to “please” US President Donald Trump.

The Iranian government has imposed the internet shutdown in an effort to stop the protests. Iran’s data infrastructure is tightly controlled by the state and security authorities. Internet access is largely limited to a domestic intranet, with restricted links to the outside world.

Over the past few years, the government has progressively curtailed access to the global internet. However, during the current round of protests, authorities have, for the first time, not only shut down access to the worldwide internet but also severely restricted the domestic intranet.

An expert told BBC Persian that the current shutdown is more severe than that imposed during the “Women, Life, Freedom” uprising three years ago. Alireza Manafi, an internet researcher, said internet access in Iran, in any form, was now “almost completely down”.

He added the only likely way to connect to the outside world was via Starlink, but warned users to exercise caution, as such connections could potentially be traced by the government.

The BBC and most other international news organisations are also unable to report from inside Iran, making obtaining and verifying information difficult.

Nonetheless, some video footage has emerged, and the BBC has spoken to people on the ground.

Verified video from Saturday night showed protesters taking over the streets in Tehran’s Gisha district. Several videos, verified and confirmed as recent by BBC Verify, show clashes between protesters and security forces on Vakil Abad Boulevard in Mashhad, Iran’s second largest city.

Masked protesters are seen taking cover behind wheelie bins and bonfires, while a row of security forces is seen in the distance. A vehicle that appears to be a bus is engulfed in flames.

Multiple gunshots and what sounds like banging on pots and pans can be heard as a green laser beam lights up the scene.

A figure standing on a nearby footbridge is visible in the footage and appears to fire multiple gunshots in several directions as a couple of people take cover behind a fence on the side of the boulevard.

Other videos have also emerged from the capital Tehran. One video, authenticated by BBC Verify, shows a large group of protesters and the sound of banging on pots in Punak Square in west Tehran, which has been one of the hotspots of protests this week.

Another clip, filmed in the Heravi district in north-east Tehran and confirmed by BBC Persian and BBC Verify, shows a crowd of protesters marching on a road and calling for the end of the clerical establishment.

BBC / Titilayo Kupoliyi

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Vast crowds of Iranians have taken to the streets of the capital, Tehran, and several other cities, calling for an end to the Islamic Republic and in many places for the restoration of the monarchy.

Young and old, rich and poor, Iranians across the country and from all walks of life are now demonstrating their fury at the clerical establishment which has ruled them for close to half a century.

One young woman in Tehran told the BBC she was protesting because her dreams had been “stolen” and she wanted the regime to know that “we still have a voice to shout, a fist to punch them in the face”.

Another spoke of the despair and hopelessness that is driving the protests.

“We’re living in limbo,” she said. “I feel like I’m hanging in the air with neither wings to migrate nor hope to pursue my goals here. Life here has become unbearable.”

Day after day, since late December, protests in Iran have been spreading and building momentum, fuelled by deep-seated economic and political frustration.

“People are becoming bolder now,” 29-year old Sina told the BBC on Thursday by text message from the city of Karaj, west of the capital Tehran. “I went to buy some groceries and people were speaking out loud against the regime in the daylight! I was thinking that the protests will stop but it hasn’t lost its momentum.”

It is hard to know the full picture of what is taking place because independent media are not allowed to operate freely in Iran, many people are fearful to speak publicly, and now the internet has been severely restricted. The BBC spoke to people before the near blackout.

But there is no disguising the extent of discontent, and the size of some of the protests filmed and posted on social media.

Iranians have a multitude of grievances against their government – from the absence of political freedoms to corruption and the state of the economy which has resulted in crippling price rises.

The last major protests in Iran were sparked, in 2022, by the death in custody of a young woman, Mahsa Amini, who was accused of not wearing the compulsory hijab properly.

This time it was a strike by shopkeepers at Tehran’s historic grand bazaar on 28 December over the plummeting value of the Iranian currency which lit the match of a new crisis of legitimacy for the Islamic Republic.

Protests at universities followed. The institutions were swiftly ordered shut by the authorities, ostensibly because of cold weather. But by then, the spark had ignited a wider fire in the country, with clashes in many small towns and cities, particularly in the west of Iran.

Some of the chants heard on the streets over the past few days have been familiar. “Death to the Dictator” is a reference to the 86-year old Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. “Azadi, Azadi”, or “Freedom, Freedom” is a common refrain.

Another popular chant: “This homeland won’t be a homeland until the mullahs are buried.”

New to these latest protests, however, is the chant: “Pahlavi will return,” a reference to Reza Pahlavi, the son of the late Shah of Iran who was overthrown in 1979. It was he who called for people to turn out on the streets on Thursday night.

The protests of the last few days have seen increasing chants for the return of the monarchy.

“Personally I think he’s the only way out of this,” 26-year old Sara from Tehran told the BBC.

Other Iranians say that they see expressions of support for the monarchy as a sign of desperation to be rid of the current regime, and a lack of alternatives.

“I’m not the biggest fan of Reza Pahlavi. But to be honest my personal opinion is not important now,” 27-year old Maryam from Tehran told the BBC. “Being and staying united is more important. It’s a different vibe from the Woman Life Freedom protests [of 2022].”

She says they were characterised by grief for Mahsa Amini.

“But people seem more angry and determined now.”

Another woman, in the western town of Ilam near the border with Iraq, described people raiding a supermarket linked to the regime, and throwing the produce away to show their disgust at the authorities.

She told the BBC she even knows young people from families affiliated with the regime who have been taking part in protests: “My friend and her three sisters, whose father is a well-known figure in the intelligence services, are joining without their father knowing.”

This is an extraordinary moment in the country. And no one knows exactly where it will lead.

BBC / Titilayo Kupoliyi

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